P.O. ENGINEERING DEPT.
ENGINEERING INSTRUCTIONS
MISCELLANEOUS
FIRE ALARMS
B 1001
Issue 1, August 1938.FIRE ALARM
SYSTEMS
Classification, Method of Working and General
Description of Various Systems
1. Scope of Instruction
The instruction contains general information relating to fire-alarm systems,
arranged as follows:-
-
Classification of Fire-alarm systems
Para. 3 to 6
-
Circuit provision procedure
Para. 7 and 9
-
Method of receiving calls
Para. 10 to 16
-
Methods of working
Para. 17 to 19
-
Brief description of Call-bell system
Para. 20 to 24
-
Brief description of numerical code closed-circuit
systems Para. 25 and 26
-
Brief description of Plain-sector system
Para. 27 to 30
-
Brief description of Succession system
Para. 31
-
Brief description of Knight system
Para. 32 to 39
-
Brief description of Carter Micro system
Para. 40 and 41
2. Other relevant instructions are as follows:-
-
Terms and definitions, B 0003
-
General provision procedure, simple Fire-alarm
systems, B 3001
-
Description of apparatus commonly used for Call-bell
and simple Fire-alarm systems, B 1010
3. Classification of systems
Fire-alarm systems generally fall within one or other of the following
classes:-
-
Class I - Call-bell and simple Fire-alarm systems.
Open-circuit working to the P.O. F.A. plan numbers (see MISCELLANEOUS,
Fire Alarms, B 3001).
-
Class II - P.O. standard Police Telephone and Signal
system (see TELEPHONES, Stations, P Section).
-
Class III - Proprietary systems,
(i) open-circuit, code signalling or telephone
(ii) closed-circuit, code signalling.
4. Applicability of systems
Systems in Class I are simple and comparatively cheap, and are planned to
meet the needs of small communities in towns where economy is the main
consideration. They may be provided and maintained by the P.O. on payment of
an annual rental.
5. In districts in which the services of the firemen are
only part time, it is sometimes necessary to provide an alternative method
for summoning the firemen in the event of a fire call. This often consists
of a power-driven siren, which is set in operation by means of a power relay
fitted at the siren point and connected to the call point or the call-bell
system. The P.O. does not provide, or maintain, either the siren or the
relay, see MISCELLANEOUS, Fire Alarms, A 3003.
6. The P.O. standard system is Class II, and is
recommended whenever a more elaborate system than those in Class I is
required, and is suitable for any community.
7. Systems in Class ITT are the proprietary alternatives
and the choice is with the council or authority concerned. The P.O. does not
recommend any proprietary system, neither does it undertake their provision,
installation or maintenance for the council, unless expressly represented
and authorised by the Telecommunications Dept. The system must in all cases
be approved by the E,-in-C. for connexion to the P.O. lines.
8. Line plant required
It is usual for the P.O. to provide the lines for all these systems
because:-
-
The circuits on a system with public call-points are
A to B and are therefore within the P.M.G.'s monopoly (see T.S.I.B).
-
With private call- or ring-out points, although the
circuits are A to A and outside the P.M.G.'s monopoly, it is invariably
more convenient for the authority to rent the Department's line plant in
preference to providing and maintaining its own.
9. Circuit provision procedure for fire-alarm systems is
described in LINES, General, A 6391. When preparing to establish a system,
one of the first points to be ascertained from the manufacturers, or the
Chief Officer of the brigade, is the value of the resistance of the
indicating apparatus at the fire station, so that the line resistance may be
determined.
METHOD OF RECEIVING A CALL
10. The reception of a call (except, of course, on a
simple call-bell system) may be arranged by one or other of the following
methods:-
-
Annunciating (or Indicator) systems, in which a
separate indicator is provided for each call-point. The "Brown" and the
standard P.O. Telephone and Signal system are examples of this method.
-
Code-signalling systems, in which registering
apparatus is provided to respond to the coded impulses received from a
call-point. Amongst these systems are the "Knight " open-circuit and the
" Gamewell closed-circuit systems.
11. Annunciating systems
The essential apparatus in any annunciating system comprises a press button
or pull handle at the call-point, connected by a pair of wires to an
indicator and battery in the fire station. (Certain systems employ one wire
and an earth return, but it is preferable to use two separate wires and a
metallic return.) When the press button or pull handle is operated at any
call-point, the circuit is completed, the indicator coil is energized and an
alarm is given at the fire station, both by the dropping of the indicator
and by the ringing of the fire-alarm bell. The fire-alarm circuit should be
so arranged that the accidental dropping of the indicator does not operate
the station alarm bells, and this arrangement should apply to all
annunciating systems.
12. As current only flows when a call-point is operated,
it is evident that a line fault, a short-circuit or earth fault records a
false call and it is preferable to provide for facilities whereby a genuine
call can be distinguished from a false one. The following methods of
indicating false calls are in use:-
-
The fitting of a buzzer or bell at the call. point
and receiving the beats at the fire station, or
-
by providing for the transmission of a code signal
from a call-point to actuate recording apparatus at the fire station.
13. Disadvantages of annunciating systems
It is impossible to make a call over a circuit in which a disconnexion has
occurred, because an indication that the circuit is out of order cannot be
given either to the fire station or to the public. For this reason, it is
usual for the fire brigade to make a routine test from each point once a
day. If a disconnexion occurred immediately after this routine test,
however, it would not be brought to notice until the next test was made. The
absence of a really reliable indication of the true nature of a call -
together with a doubt as to whether all the points are always in working
order - are disadvantages common to practically all annunciating systems,
and it is for these reasons that fire brigade authorities Are inclined to
favour code-signalling systems.
14. Code-signalling systems
In code-signalling fire-alarm systems, a number of call-points may be
connected to a single wire (or pair of wires) and the circuit is completed
at the fire station by the recording apparatus and batteries. An audible
indication of a call is made by means of a bell or loud-sounding gong. If a
considerable number of call-points are required, they may be divided between
two or more circuits, but each call-point is still identified by means of
the particular code-signal transmitted by it.
15. The call-points are of the "break glass and pull
handle" type, and the operation of a handle causes a clockwork mechanism to
drive a code wheel, on which teeth are cut to correspond with the numerical
code number of the call-point. The rotation of this wheel transmits a series
of " make and " break" impulses to the line. The signals thus transmitted
are registered audibly at the fire station by means of the alarm bell. A
different code wheel is used at each call-point, so that a different series
of signals is transmitted from each. If required, a visible indication may
also be given by the recording apparatus.
16. In some systems, arrangements are made to prevent one
call-point interfering with another connected to the same circuit when two
or more points are operated simultaneously. In all systems, however,
arrangements are made at the fire station to prevent one circuit interfering
with another in the event of two points on separate circuits being pulled at
the same time. The code-signal transmitted from any point is generally
repeated automatically three times, to ensure definite identification of the
particular point in operation. A two or three digit code is generally used
and, to minimize the time taken in signalling, it is customary to use
combinations of the digits 1 to 6 only.
METHODS OF WORKING
17. There are two distinct methods of working fire-alarm systems:-
-
OPEN CIRCUIT, in which current does not flow to line
until a call-point is actually operated;
-
CLOSED CIRCUIT, in which the current circulates
continually in the tine, except when interrupted by a call.
18. An Open-circuit system may consist either of a pair
of wires (or a single wire and earth return), to which the call-points or
call-bells may be connected singly or in omnibus. The effects of line faults
will be as follows:-
-
A disconnexion will prevent the operation of the
apparatus
-
A short-circuit will cause a false call, unless
special signalling apparatus is provided, as already described, to
differentiate between genuine and false calls;
-
An earth will have the following results:-
(i) in a single-wire system an earth fault will be indicated as a
genuine call, unless code-signalling is used. The circuit will probably
be rendered inoperative, depending upon the position of the earth on the
circuit (location of fault)
(ii) in two-wire systems where the battery is not earthed, an indication
of the fault will not be given unless a routine test is made, and the
working of the apparatus will not be affected. If the battery is
earthed, the effect will be the same as that of a short-circuit.
19. A Closed-circuit system consists essentially of a
continuous wire connecting the call-points in series. By the provision of
suitable apparatus at the fire station, any line fault can be definitely
identified and, generally, the operation of the calling apparatus will not
he affected. The results of faults on these systems are as follows:-
-
A disconnexion will be immediately indicated by the
interruption of the normal circulating current, the release of an
indicator normally held in the OFF position, and a single ring on the
bell. Arrangements can then be made at the fire station temporarily to
receive any signals via earth, and the operation of a circuit is not
impeded.
-
A short-circuit will be indicated by an increase in
the normal line current, which will be registered on a milliammeter
usually connected in series with the line. A short-circuit near the fire
station will render all the call-points on the loop inoperative unless,
as in the latest design, special apparatus is provided to record calls
under this condition. The two ends of the loop should be led into the
fire station separately, to reduce the risk of short-circuiting the
complete loop.
-
An earth. Normally the circuit is unaffected by earth
faults, because the battery at the fire station is not directly earthed.
Earth faults can, however, be detected by connecting one pole of the
battery to earth through a high-resistance relay.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS SYSTEMS
20. Call-bell systems
In a small town or village, the fire-alarm system generally consists merely
of call-bells connected to a ring-out point, which may be a magneto
generator or a switch, and does not include any street fire-alarm. A
ring-out point may be:-
-
A fire station where there is at least one resident
fireman,
-
A police station,
-
A private residence of one of the members of the
brigade,
-
A hotel, or
-
The residence or the business premises of some
public-spirited person convenient to the fire station.
In every case it is very desirable that an exchange line
be provided at the ring-out point, and the ring-out generator or switch
should be fitted alongside the exchange line instrument.
21. Battery versus magneto for ringing
The call-bell system should preferably be of the battery-ringing type - as
opposed to magneto - for the reason that trembler bells can be set in action
in a fraction of a second by a suitable switch, without interruption to the
receipt of vital information over the exchange line and without prejudice to
the efficiency of the immediately subsequent duties of the operator, whether
police or fireman, in relation to the fire fighting. The trembler-bell
system also lends itself readily to the addition of one or more public
call-points to the system in such a manner that the signals from the fire
alarm are automatically transmitted to the bell system in a distinctive
manner.
22. A mechanical time switch, which is quickly set in
action and stops automatically at the end of a minute, is very suitable for
battery-operated systems. Particularly is this the case when a ring-out
point is a police station. The police generally have their own
responsibility in a fire emergency, and valuable time may be spent - after
taking down particulars of the fire call - in turning the generator or
returning to switch-off an ordinary battery-switch before leaving the police
station.
23. Ring-out points remote from fire station
When a ring-out point is at a police station or hotel, etc., situated some
distance from the fire station, the difficulty of communicating particulars
of the fire to members of the brigade upon their arrival at the fire station
may be overcome by providing a direct telephone line, between the ring-out
point and the fire station, upon which the ring-out facility may be
superimposed, see Plan FA 6 [Diag. FA(L) 189].
24. Bell point at fire station
An important point to be noted in connexion with a normally unattended fire
station is that an alarm may be sent out at a time, say in the evening, when
some or all of the firemen are engaged at the station on routine maintenance
or drill. It is therefore advisable that the fire station should be a bell
point on a call-bell system.
25. Numerical code closed-circuit fire-alarm systems
The systems developed in this country are frequently described as "Gamewell"
after the original inventor of many of the principles involved. The street
call-boxes are arranged in one or more groups. The boxes in each group are
linked together by a single wire (or bunched pair), which commences at the
fire station, passes progressively from call-point to call-point, and
terminates at the fire station again. Each loop has its own battery, which
maintains a current continually around the loop. The street call-boxes may
be either of the "plain-sector" or "succession" type, both types being
operated on the "break glass and pull" principle.
26. A register and loud-sounding gong are included in
each loop circuit and, in addition, apparatus for measuring and adjusting
the line current to a fixed value. There is also auxiliary apparatus for
detecting and indicating such line faults as a disconnexion, an earth or a
short-circuit.
27. Plain-sector working
The sector box contains clockwork mechanism, which is wound by a toothed
"sector" when the handle is depressed. In the latest proprietary models the
spring is fully wound by an attending fireman, and the mechanism is tripped
when the handle is pulled. Upon release, the mechanism drives a code wheel,
which interrupts the line circuit and so actuates the recording apparatus in
the fire station. The code is transmitted four times, the code wheel also
earthing the line at each impulse.
28. At the end of a call, a delayed-action contact on the
register completes the circuit of an automatic time and date stamp.
29. If the line should become disconnected, a single signal is recorded on
the gong and on the register, and the connexions of the battery are modified
- either manually or automatically - so that the two ends of the loop are
connected to the negative terminal of the battery and the positive terminal
is earthed.
30. It is under these conditions that the earth pulses of
an operated box are effective, and the box automatically employs that
section of a loop which does not contain the disconnexion. There is no doubt
that this facility greatly increases the reliability of the system.
31. "Succession" working
If two boxes on the same loop with "plain sector" working were to operate
simultaneously or so as to overlap, the respective codes would mix and
become unintelligible. With "succession" working, this difficulty has been
overcome as follows:-
-
When a box is pulled, a short-circuit is removed from
across the mechanism, which is set in motion. A brief test period
ensues, during which the line is tested for availability. If the loop
current continues to flow throughout this period, the box is permitted
to transmit its code.
-
On the other hand, if the line current is interrupted
momentarily due to another box sending its code, then the box which has
just been pulled is barred from transmitting its code. The mechanism
continues to run on and, after an interval, a second test is made for
line availability. This sequence is repeated until the line is free,
whereupon the box transmits its code and then stops. The "succession"
feature therefore has the effect of "queuing" the calls and releasing
them, in turn.
The detail of "succession " box mechanism varies slightly
with different makers. The precise arrangement in any given case can be
ascertained from the mechanical description issued by the manufacturers.
32. "Knight" fire-alarm system
This system consists of one or more external circuits with one or several
call-points connected to each, terminated at the fire station on an
annunciator switchboard. The number of call-points connected to a circuit is
limited in respect of signalling by the line resistance. This system is
similar to the "Gamewell" in that code-signalling is employed but it is not
a closed circuit in the accepted sense of the word.
33. A separate pair of wires is taken from the fire
station to the first call-point on each circuit. Between the first and
second call-points, a further pair of wires is employed, and so on, until
the final point is reached and the circuit terminates in a resistance. The
pair of wires is necessary in each case, because speaking from the
call-points requires a loop circuit.
34. When a call-point is serving as a spur from the main
route, it is necessary to provide two pairs in the spur, one to the box and
the other from the box, to the next call-point. Every call-point is equipped
with a telephone and a clockwork mechanism, which drives a code wheel.
35. In signalling, the two wires are used in parallel.
The circuits, which are normally "open," are connected to an earthed
battery. When a call-point is "pulled," both wires are earthed at the box
and an annunciator indicator associated with the circuit at the fire station
drops. Simultaneously, the clockwork-driven code wheel is set in motion and
earth pulses are transmitted. The impulses are received at the fire station
on a trembler bell and on a register, which provide an audible and visible
indication of the call.
36. A "succession" feature is incorporated in this system in that the
call-point mechanism can only revolve while there is a current on the line.
A call-point, when actually transmitting, disconnects the circuit to
succeeding boxes. If another is "pulled" on the same circuit, it remains
quiescent until the preceding box has transmitted its code, whereupon
continuity is re-established and the second box transmits its code. If a box
nearer to the fire station than the one transmitting is "pulled," it takes
precedence over the point actually transmitting and interrupts the signals
from the latter. After the preceding box has transmitted its code the line
is re-connected to the more distant box, which:-
-
is restored to normal, or
-
transmits its code,
depending upon whether it had transmitted a complete code
before the interruption occurred. The code is transmitted twice for each
"pull."
37. It is arranged at the fire station that, during the
period whilst a call is incoming, the battery is automatically disconnected
from the other circuits and the register and bell are associated with the
circuit transmitting.
38. The speaking circuit in this system is similar to
that on the "Gamewell" system, although the telephone connexions in the
station and the boxes are not in accordance with standard practice, the
microphone and receiver being connected in parallel to each other.
39. A feature of this system is that after a street box
has transmitted its code twice, the door is automatically swung open,
revealing the telephone and an instruction plate directing the person to
speak to the fire station. Facilities are provided at the station to
indicate, or to test for, various line faults.
40. "Carter Micro" system
The "Carter Micro" system is an annunciating system operating on the
open-circuit principle. The box provided at the call. point is fitted with a
loud-speaker, microphone and ringing generator. Access to the loud-speaker
and microphone is obtained by opening a door. This action automatically
causes the generator to operate and gives an alarm at the fire station, by
the fall of an indicator and by the ringing of the alarm bell. The call is
acknowledged by the attendant at the fire station speaking to the caller,
via a two-stage amplifier and the loud-speaker.
41. The same equipment can also be employed for ambulance
and police-alarm purposes. For, the latter, the call-points are equipped
with signal lamps which can be controlled individually or collectively from
the station switchboard. All the facilities that this system provides are
catered for by the standard P.O. Police Telephone and Signal system.
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